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On Display March 10, 2003
to April 7, 2003
For the last 50 years the international community has sought to settle conflicts through international law. After the Second World War the International Military Tribunal held a series of trials in Nuremberg, Germany in which former Nazi leaders were tried as war criminals.
In the founding charter of the United
Nations, the International Court
of Justice was named to settle disputes between the member
states. The ICJ's jurisdiction is limited to member states; individuals
may not be prosecuted.
In order to prosecute individuals who have committed serious international
crimes, such as genocide, the United
Nations Security Council created tribunals as it saw fit. Since
Nuremberg, other International Tribunals have been set up for Rwanda
and the Former Yugoslavia.
The International Criminal
Court was created on July 1, 2002 with the 60th ratification
of the Rome Statute. The
court will operate permanently and replace the ad hoc tribunal system.
The ICC has jurisdiction for war crimes committed in countries
who have ratified the Rome Statute as well as over individuals
whose nationality is a country that has ratified the Rome Statute.
The ICC is not intended to replace a country's judicial system;
the court will only intervene if the national court system refuses.
President
Clinton signed the Rome Statute in 1999 but it was not ratified
by the Senate. President
George W. Bush withdrew the signature, citing concerns about
persecution of American soldiers, and informed the court that the
United States would not recognize it.
This display includes documents
and publications concerning the ICC as well as the ICJ and International
Tribunals. Following is a list of all documents and publications
in the display.
Publications
on or by the International Criminal Court
- Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International
Criminal Court, 1st Session, New York, 3-10 September 2002. Official
Records. (ICC-ASP/1-3)
- Establishment of the International Criminal Court, Report of
the Sixth Committee. United Nations General Assembly, 57th Session,
Agenda item 158. (A/57/565)
- Is a U.N International Criminal Court in the U.S. National Interest?
Hearing Before the Subcommittee on International Operations of
the Committee on Foreign Relations United States Senate, 105th
Congress, 2nd Session. July 23, 1998. (Y 4.F 76/2:S.Hrg.105-724)
- The International Criminal Court. Hearings Before the Committee
on International Relations House of Representatives, 106th Congress,
2nd Session. July 25 and 26, 2000. (Y 4.IN 8/16:IN 8/21)
- The International Criminal Court: Present at the Creation? By
Ralph G. Carter and Donald W. Jackson. Chapter from Contemporary
Cases in U.S. Foreign Policy, From Terrorism to Trade. Edited
by Ralph G. Carter. Congressional Quarterly, 2002.
- The International Criminal Court: Protecting American Servicemen
and Officials from the threat of International Prosecution. Hearing
Before the Committee on Foreign Relations United States Senate,
106th Congress, 2nd Session. June 14, 2000. (Y 4.F 76/2:S.Hrg.106-769)
Publications
Related to Other International Courts or Tribunals
- The International Court of Justice, Questions and Answers about
the Principal Judicial Organ of the United Nations. Published
by the UN Department of Public Information. 2000.
- International Court of Justice Yearbook 2000-2001, No.55. I.C.J.
- The Hague - 2001.
- International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Yearbook,
1994.
- The International Law Commission Fifty Years After: An Evaluation.
Proceedings of the Seminar held to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary
of the International Law Commission, 21-22 April 1998. Published
by the United Nations, 2000.
- International Military Trials Nurnberg. Nazi Conspiracy and
Aggression, Office of United States Chief Counsel for Prosecution
of Axis Criminality. 1947. (W 1.2:N 23) (One volume of this multi-volume
set is included in the display.)
- Iran: U.S. Hostage Case to World Court, November 29, 1979. Near
East and South Asian Series. From the U.S. Department of State,
Bureau of Public Affairs. (S 1.86/2:92)
- Judgment of the International Military Tribunal for the Far
East, November 1948.
- The Path to The Hague; Selected Documents on the Origins of
the ICTY. International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons
Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian
Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since
1991. United Nations, ICTY, 2001.
- Publications of the International Court of Justice Catalogue.
The Hague, 1960.
- Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military
Tribunal, Nuremberg 14 November 1945 - 1 October 1946. 1947. (W
1.2:C 86) (One volume of this multi-volume set is included in
the display.)
- The United States and the World Court. By Abraham D. Sofaer.
U.S. Department of States Current Policy No.769, 1985.
- War Crimes Trials for the Former Yugoslavia: Prospects and Problems.
Briefing of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe,
104th Congress, 2nd Session, May 28, 1996. 1999. (Y 4.SE 2:Y 9)
- World Court Enhancements to Advance the Rule of Law. By Bryan
F. MacPherson. Published by the Center for U.N. Reform Education,
June 1994.
- World Peace Reports Number 16. Truth Commissions: A Comparative
Assessment. A Transcript of an International Meeting. Edited by
Henry J. Steiner. Published by the World Peace Foundation, 1997.
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